Electric vehicle (EV) batteries, commonly used in electric bicycles and scooters, pose unique firefighting challenges. Conventional fire extinguishers are ineffective against these blazes, and using water can lead to explosions.
Why Can't Conventional Extinguishers Put Out EV Battery Fires?
EVs and combustion-engine vehicles have similar fire risks from electrical shorts or heat sources. However, extinguishing an EV fire is more difficult. While combustion-engine fires can be suppressed using extinguishers or smothering the vehicle to cut off oxygen supply, EV battery fires require containment and isolation as they can reignite even after being extinguished.
Lithium-ion battery fires involve chemical reactions within the battery cells, sustaining combustion without the need for oxygen. Exposing the battery to air can accelerate combustion. Therefore, efforts should focus on isolating the fire and preventing its spread until the chemical reaction exhausts itself.
Conventional Extinguishers Not Effective Against EV Battery Fires
Standard fire extinguishers cannot extinguish EV battery fires. In fact, using water can exacerbate the situation by releasing hydrogen gas when the water interacts with extreme heat.
Special water-based extinguishers using a molecular encapsulation technology can rapidly cool and suppress the fire. However, these extinguishers are scarce and expensive.
Prevention and Mitigation
Preventing Explosions:
- Avoid overloading or overheating the battery during charging and use.
- Regular maintenance and replacement of aging batteries can prevent circuit board malfunctions.
Safety During a Fire:
- If the battery overheats while charging, unplug the device immediately.
- Remove the battery and place it in a metal container filled with sand, away from flammable materials.
- Do not modify vehicle specifications or replace components with unauthorized parts.
- Avoid installing additional accessories that alter the electrical system, which can lead to battery fires.
Extinguishing a Fire:
- Conventional fire extinguishers are ineffective.
- Do not use water to extinguish the battery fire.
- Use specialized extinguishers designed for lithium-ion battery fires.
Conclusion
EV battery fires require specialized containment and firefighting strategies. Standard extinguishers are not effective against these fires. Understanding the unique risks and following proper preventive measures is crucial for reducing the likelihood of explosions and ensuring safety for both individuals and emergency responders.